REASONING
- Abstract thinking – Process of generalisation
- Adaptive reasoning
- Analogical reasoning – Cognitive process of transferring information or meaning from a particular subject to another
- Analytic reasoning – Ability to look at information and discern patterns
- Case-based reasoning – Process of solving new problems based on the solutions of similar past problems
- Critical thinking – Analysis of facts to form a judgment
- Defeasible reasoning – Reasoning that is rationally compelling, though not deductively valid – from authority: if p then (defeasibly) q
- Diagrammatic reasoning – reasoning by the mean of visual representations – reasoning by means of visual representations. Visualizing concepts and ideas with of diagrams and imagery instead of by linguistic or algebraic means
- Emotional reasoning – a cognitive process by which one's own emotional reaction is used to prove something is true (erroneous) – a cognitive distortion in which emotion overpowers reason, to the point the subject is unwilling or unable to accept the reality of a situation because of it.
- Fallacious reasoning – Argument that uses faulty reasoning (erroneous) – logical errors
- Heuristic – Problem-solving methods
- Historical thinking
- Intuitive reasoning – Ability to acquire knowledge, without conscious reasoning
- Lateral thinking – Manner of solving problems
- Logical reasoning – Study of correct reasoning / Logical reasoning
- Abductive reasoning – Inference seeking the simplest and most likely explanation – from data and theory: p and q are correlated, and q is sufficient for p; hence, if p then (abducibly) q as cause
- Deductive reasoning – Form of reasoning – from meaning postulate, axiom, or contingent assertion: if p then q (i.e., q or not-p)
- Inductive reasoning – Method of logical reasoning – theory formation; from data, coherence, simplicity, and confirmation: (inducibly) “if p then q”; hence, if p then (deducibly-but-revisably) q
- Inference – Steps in reasoning
- Moral reasoning – Study in psychology that overlaps with moral philosophy – process in which an individual tries to determine the difference between what is right and what is wrong in a personal situation by using logic.[5] This is an important and often daily process that people use in an attempt to do the right thing. Every day for instance, people are faced with the dilemma of whether or not to lie in a given situation. People make this decision by reasoning the morality of the action and weighing that against its consequences.
- Probabilistic reasoning – use of probability and logic to deal with uncertain situations – from combinatorics and indifference: if p then (probably) q
- Proportional reasoning – using “the concept of proportions when analyzing and solving a mathematical situation.”[6]
- Rational thinking – Quality of being agreeable to reason
- Semiosis – Mode of communication
- Statistical reasoning – Study of the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data – from data and presumption: the frequency of qs among ps is high (or inference from a model fit to data); hence, (in the right context) if p then (probably) q
- Strategic thinking – Cognitive activity
- Synthetic reasoning – Semantic distinction in philosophy
- Verbal reasoning – understanding and reasoning using concepts framed in words – understanding and reasoning using concepts framed in words
- Visual reasoning – process of manipulating one's mental image of an object in order to reach a certain conclusion – for example, mentally constructing a piece of machinery to experiment with different mechanisms